What is the main premise of the extended parallel process model?

The extended parallel process model centers on the idea that fear can serve as a catalyst for behavior change when individuals believe there are actionable steps they can take to mitigate the threat. The model posits that when people are presented with fear-inducing information, their response will depend on their perceptions of both the severity of the threat and their ability to respond effectively.

When individuals perceive a high level of threat but also believe they have the capability to take effective action (self-efficacy), they are more likely to engage in protective behaviors. This combination of perceived threat and perceived efficacy leads to a motivated response, prompting behavior changes aimed at reducing the fear.

By contrast, if individuals perceive the threat as severe but feel powerless to act—or if they believe that the measures to counteract the threat are ineffective—this can lead to fear paralysis, where individuals become unmotivated to take action. Hence, the model highlights the significance of not just inciting fear but also offering practical solutions that empower individuals to overcome the threatening situation.

The other options suggest various limitations or false applications of fear in persuasion efforts. While fear can be debilitating or ineffective on its own, the model emphasizes a balanced approach that includes the potential for positive behavior change when paired with perceived efficacy.