According to the extended parallel process model, which factor can motivate behavior change?

The extended parallel process model posits that fear can be a powerful motivator for behavior change if individuals believe they have the capability to take effective action in response to that fear. This model emphasizes the relationship between perceived threat and perceived efficacy. When individuals perceive a significant threat but also believe in their ability to manage or mitigate that threat, they are more likely to engage in protective behaviors.

For instance, a public health campaign might effectively raise awareness about the dangers of a disease. If individuals feel a reasonable level of fear about contracting the disease but also feel confident in their ability to protect themselves—such as through vaccination or safe practices—they are more likely to adopt those protective strategies. The combination of fear and a sense of personal efficacy is critical for motivating action and achieving behavior change.

Other factors such as personal relationships, financial incentives, and peer pressure can influence behavior, but they do not capture the key dynamic of fear and efficacy as foundational to motivating change in the context of the extended parallel process model.